Ramina et al. (2006) Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 25, No. 3, 224-230: Dietary Acid-Base Balance, Bone Resorption, and Calcium Excretion

Agnusdei et al. (2005) Journal of endocrinological investigation. 28(8 Suppl):32-6.
GH and IGF-I as therapeutic agents for osteoporosis.

Agarwal N & Gay C (1992): Specific binding of parathyroid hormone to living osteoclasts. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7, 531-539.2005.

Al-Humidan A, Ralston SH, Hughes DE, Chapman K, Aarden L & Russell RGG (1991): Interleukin-6 does not stimulate bone resorption in neonatal mouse calvariae. J. Bone Miner. Res. 6, 3-7.

Baron R (1989): Molecular mechanisms of bone resorption by the osteoclast. Anat. Rec. 224, 317-324.

Baron R, Neff L, Roy C, Boisvert A & Caplan M (1986): Evidence for a high and specific concentration of (Na+, K+) ATPase in the plasma membrane of the osteoclast. Cell 46, 311-320.

Bartlel DP, Sheng M, Lau LF & Greenberg ME (1989): Growth factors and membrane depolarization activate distinct programmes of early response gene expression: dissociation of fos and jun induction. Genes Dev. 3, 304-309.

Bell GI, Merryweather JP, Sanchez-Pescador R, Priestley L, Scott J & Rall LB (1984): Sequence of a cDNA encoding human preproinsulin-like growth factor-II. Nature 310, 775-777.

Bentley H, Hamdy FC, Hart KA et al. (1992): Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in human prostatic adenocarcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br. J. Cancer 66, 1159-1163.

Bentz H, Armstrong R & Seyedin SM (1987): Cartilage induction and differentiation: The role of bone derived cartilage inducing factor (CIF-A). In Developmental diseases of cartilage and bone matrix, ed. T Thornhill, pp. 137. New York: Alan R. Liss.

Beresford JN (1989): Osteogenic stem cells and the stromal system of bone and marrow. Clin. Orthop. 240, 270-280.

Beresford JN, Gallagher JA, Gowen M, McGuire MKB, Poser JW & Russell RGG (1983): Human bone cells in culture: a novel system for the investigation of bone cell metabolism. Clin. Sci 64, 33-39.

Betsholtz C, Johnson A, Heldin CH et al. (1986): cDNA sequence and chromosomal location of human platelet-derived growth factor A chain and its expression in tumour lines. Nature 320, 695-697.

Beutler B & Cerami A (1988): Cachectin (tumor necrosis factor): a macrophage hormone governing cellular metabolism and inflammatory response. Endocr. Rev. 9, 57-66.

Blair HC, Tietelbaum R, Ghiselli R & Gluck S (1989): Osteoclastic bone resorption by a polarised vacuolar proton pump. Science 245, 855-857.

Bonewald LF & Mundy GR (1990): Role of transforming growth factor- in bone remodeling. Clin. Orthop. 250, 261-276.

Braidman IP, Anderson DC, Jones CJP & Weiss JB: Separation of two bone cell populations from fetal rat calvaria and a study of their responses to parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. J. Endocrinol. 99, 387-394.

Brenner DA, O'Hara M, Angel P, Chojkier M & Karin M (1989): Prolonged activation of jun and collagenase genes by tumour necrosis factor- Nature 337, 661-663.

Brighton CT (1965): Phosphatases in epiphyseal cartilage: their possible role in tissue synthesis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 47A, 545-552.
Brighton CT (1978): Structure and function of growth plate. Clin. Orthop. 136, 22-32.

Brighton CT, Sugioka Y & Hunt RM (1983): Cytoplasmic structures of epiphyseal plate chondrocytes. Quantitative evaluation using electron micrographs of the rat costochondral junctions with special reference to the fate of hypertrophic cells. J. Bone Joint Surg. 55A, 771-784.

Bunning RA & Russell RGG (1989): The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma-interferon on the resorption of human articular cartilage and on the production of prostaglandin E and of caseinase activity by human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 32, 780-784.

Burgeson RE & Nimni ME (1991): Collagen types: molecular structure and tissue distribution. Clin. Orthop. 282, 250-272.

Burt DW & Paton IR (1992): Evolutionary origins of the transforming growth factor- gene family. DNA Cell Biol. 11, 497-510.

Canalis E, Centrella M & McCarthy T (1988): Effects of fibroblast growth factor on bone formation in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 81, 1572-1580.

Canalis E, McCarthy T & Centrella M (1988a): Growth factors and the regulation of bone remodelling. J. Clin. Invest. 81, 277-281.

Canalis E, McCarthy T & Centrella M (1988b): Isolation and characterization of insulin-like growth factor I (somatomedin C) from cultures of fetal rat calvariae. Endocrinology, 122, 22-27.

Canalis E, Centrella M, Burch W & McCarthy TL (1988): Insulin-like growth factor I mediates selective anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone in bone cultures. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 60-65.

Carrington JL, Roberts AB, Flanders CF, Roche NS & Reddi AH (1988): Accumulation, localization and compartmentation of transforming growth factor  during endochondral bone development. J. Cell Biol. 107, 1969-1975.

Chambers TJ & Fuller K (1985): Bone cells predispose bone surfaces to resorption by exposure of mineral to osteoclastic resorption. J. Cell Sci. 76, 155-160.

Chambers TJ, McSheehy PMJ, Thompson BM & Fuller K (1985): The effect of calcium-regulating hormones and prostaglandins on bone resorption by osteoclasts disaggregated from neonatal rabbit long bones. Endocrinology 116, 234-239.

Chenu C, Kurihara N, Mundy GR & Roodman GD (1987): Prostaglandin E2 inhibits formation of osteoclast-like cells in long-term marrow cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5683-5687.

Chenu C, Pfeilschifter J, Mundy GR & Roodman GD (1988): Transforming growth factor  inhibits formation of osteoclast-like cells in long-term human marrow cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5683-5687.

Chung SMK (1976): The arterial supply of the developing end of the human femur. J. Bone Joint Surg. 58A, 961-972.

Derynck R (1985): Human transforming growth factor- complementary cDNA sequence and expression in normal and transformed cells. Nature 316, 701-705.

De Souza SM, MacIntyre I, Girgis SI & Mundy GR (1986): Human synthetic calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits bone resorption in vitro. Endocrinology 119, 58-61.

Dessau W, von der Mark H, von der Mark K & Fischer S (1980): Changes in the patterns of collagens and fibronectin during limb-bud chondrogenesis. J. Embryol. Expt. Morp. 57, 51-60.

Dinarello CA (1987): The multiple biological properties of interleukin-1 influencing immunocompetent cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 213, 103-114.

Dinarello CA & Thompson RC (1991): Blocking IL-1: interleukin receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Immunol. Today 12, 404-410.

Doege K, Rhodes C, Sasaki M, Hassell JR & Yamada Y (1990): Molecular biology of cartilage proteoglycan (aggrecan) and link protein. In Extracellular matrix genes, eds LJ Sandell & CD Boyd, pp. 137-155. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

Eriksen EF (1986): Normal and pathological remodelling of human trabecular bone: three dimensional reconstruction of the remodelling sequence in normals and in metabolic bone disease. Endocr. Rev. 7, 379-408.

Ernst M, Heath JK & Rodan GA (1989): Estradiol effects on proliferation, messenger ribonuclear acid for collagen and insulin-like growth factor I and parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in osteoblastic cells from calvaria and long bones. Endocrinology 125, 825-833.

Eyre DR, Apone S, Wu JJ, Ericsson LH & Walsh KA (1987): Collagen type IX: evidence for covalent linkages to type II collagen in cartilage. FEBS Lett. 220, 337-341.

Fang MA & Hahn TJ (1991): Effects of interleukin-6 on cellular function in UMR-106-01 osteoblast-like cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 6, 133-139.

Farnum CE & Wilsman NJ (1989): Cellular turnover at the chondro-osseus junction of growth plate cartilage: analysis by serial sections at the light microscope level. J. Orthop. Res. 7, 654-666.

Farquarson C, Hesketh JE & Loveridge N (1922): The proto-oncogene c-myc is involved in cell differentiation as well as cell proliferation: studies on growth plate chondrocytes in situ. J. Cell Physiol. 152, 135-144.

Felix R, Elford PR & Stoerckle C (1988): Production of hemopoietic growth factors by bone tissue and bone cells in culture. J. Bone Miner. Res. 3, 27-36.

Felix R, Cecchini MG & Fleisch H (1990): Macrophage colony stimulating factor restores in vivo bone resorption in the op/op osteopetrotic mouse. Endocrinology 127, 2592-2594.

Feyen JHM, Elford P, Di Padova FE & Treschel U (1989): Interleukin-6 is produced by bone and modulated by parathyroid hormone. J. Bone Miner. Res. 4, 633-638.

Folkman J & Klagsbrun M (1987): Angiogenic factors. Science 235, 442-444.

Froesch ER, Schmid C, Schwander J & Zapf J (1985): Actions of insulin-like growth factors. Annul Rev. Physiol. 47, 443-467.
Frost HM (1964): Dynamics of bone remodelling. In Bone biodynamics, ed. HM Frost, pp. 315-333. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

Gannon JM, Walker G, Fischer M, Carpenter R, Thompson RC & Oegema TR (1991): Localization of type X collagen in canine growth plate and adult canine articular cartilage. J. Orthop. Res. 9, 485-494.

Gimenez-Gallego G, Rodkey J, Bennett C, Rios-Candelore M, DiSalvo J & Thomas K (1985): Brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor: complete amino acid sequence and homologies. Science 230, 1385-1388.

Goldring MB & Goldring SR (1990): Skeletal tissue response to cytokines. Clin. Orthop. 258, 245-278.

Goldring MB, Birkhead J, Sandell LJ, Kimura T & Krane SM (1988): Interleukin I suppresses expression of cartilage-specific types II and IX collagens in human chondrocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 82, 2026-2037.

Gowen M, Wood DD & Russell RGG (1985): Stimulation of the proliferation of human bone cells by human monocyte products with interleukin-1 activity. J. Clin. Invest. 75, 1223-1239.

Gowen M, MacDonald BR & Russell RG(3 (1988): Actions of recombinant human -interferon and tumor necrosis factor  on the proliferation and osteoblastic characteristics of human trabecular bone cells in vitro. Arthritis Rheum. 31, 1500-1507.

Gowen M, Wood DD, Ihrie EJ, McGuire MKB & Russell RGG (1983): An interleukin 1-like factor stimulates bone resorption in vitro. Nature 306, 378-380.

Gowen M, Chapman K, Littlewood A, Hughes DE, Evans DB & Russell RGG (1990): Production of tumour necrosis factor by human osteoblasts is modulated by other cytokines but not by osteotropic hormones. Endocrinology 126, 1250-1255.

Hagenaars CE, Van der Kraan AAM, Kawilarang-de Haas EWM, Visser JWM & Nijweide PJ (1989): Osteoclast formation from cloned pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells. Bone Miner. 6, 179-189.

Ham AW (1974): Bone. In Histology, 7th edn, ed. AW Ham, pp. 378-447. Philadelphia and Toronto: J.B. Lippincott.

Hammonds RG Jr, Schwal R, Dudley A et al. (1991): Bone-inducing activity of mature BMP-2b produced from a hybrid BMP-2a/2b precursor. Mol. Endocrinol. 5, 149-150.

Hauschka PV, Mavrakos AK, Iafrati MD, Doleman SE & Klagsbrun M (1986): Growth factors in bone matrix: isolation of multiple types by affinity chromatography on heparin-sepharose. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 1266-1274.

Heine UI, Munoz EF, Flanders KC et al. (1987): Role of transforming growth factor-beta in the development of the mouse embryo. J. Cell Biol. 105, 2861-2865.

Hill DJ, Logan A, McGarry M & De Sousa D (1992): Control of protein and matrix-molecule synthesis in isolated ovine fetal growth plate chondrocytes by the interactions of fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factors I and II, insulin and transforming growth factor beta 1. J. Endocrinol. 133, 363-373.

Hiraki Y, Inoue H, Shigeno C et al. (1991): Bone morphogenic proteins (BMP-2 and BMP-3) promote growth and expression of the differentiated phenotype of rabbit chondrocytes and osteoblastic MCT3T3-E1 cells in vitro. J. Bone Miner. Res. 6, 1373-1385.

Hoffmann O, Klaushofer K, Gleispach H et al. (1987): -interferon inhibits basal and interleukin-1-induced prostaglandin production and bone resorption in neonatal mouse calvaria. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 143, 38-43.
Holtrop ME (1972a): The ultrastructure of the epiphyseal plate I. Calcif Tissue Res. 9, 131-139.

Holtrop ME (1972b): The ultrastructure of the epiphyseal plate II. Calcif Tissue Res. 9, 140-151.

Huang S & Tertappen MM (1992): Formation of haematopoetic microenvironment and haematopoetic stem cells from single bone marrow stem cells. Nature 360, 745-747.

Hunziker EB, Schenk RK & Cruz-Orive LM (1987): Quantitation of chondrocyte performance in growth plate cartilage during longitudinal bone growth. J. Bone Joint Surg. 69A, 162-173.

Ikebe T, Hirata M & Koga T (1988): Effects of human recombinant tumour necrosis factor- and interleukin 1 on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan and DNA in cultured rat chondrocytes. J. Immunol. 140, 827-831.

Ishimi Y, Miyaura C & Jin CH (1990): IL-6 is produced by osteoblasts and induces bone resorption. J. Immunol., 145, 3297-3303.

Johnson PF & McNight SL (1989): Eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins. Annul Rev. Biochem. 58, 799-839.

Kaplan FS, Tabas JA & Zasloff MA (1990): Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive: a clue from the fly? Calcif: Tissue Int. 47, 117-125.

Karaplis V, Tybulewicz V, Mulligan RC & Kroneneberg HM (1992): Disruption of parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene leads to a multitude of skeletal abnormalities and perinatal mortality. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7, (Suppl. 1), S93.

Keeting PE, Rifas L & Harris SA (1991): Evidence for interleukin-1-beta production by cultured normal human osteoblast-like cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 6, 827-833.

Kember NF (1978): Cell kinetics and the control of growth in long bones. Cell Tissue Kinet. 11, 477-485.

Kimelman D & Kirchner M (1987): Synergistic induction of mesoderm by FGF and TGF- and the identification of an mRNA encoding for FGF in the early xenopus embryo. Cell 51, 869-877.

Kirch T & von der Mark K (1992): Remodelling of collagen types I, II and X and calcification of human fetal cartilage. Bone Miner. 18,107-111.

Kosher RA, Kulyk WM & Gray W (1986): Collagen gene expression during limb cartilage differentiation. J. Cell Biol. 102, 1151-1156.

Lawrence DA (1989): Transforming growth factor- an overview of its many cellular effects. Growth Factors and Oncogenes 190, 35-44.

Leach RM & Rosselot GE (1992): The use of avian epiphyseal chondrocytes for in vitro studies of skeletaI metabolism. J. Nutr. 122 (S3), 802-805.

Lin HY, Harris TL, Flannery MS et al. (1991): Expression cloning of an adenylate cyclase-coupled calcitonin receptor. Science 254,1022-1024.

Linkhart TA, Linkhart SG, MacCharles DC, Long DA & Strong DD (1991): Interleukin-6 messenger RNA expression and interleukin-6 protein secretion in cells isolated from normal human bone: regulation by interleukin-1. J. Bone Miner. Res. 6, 1285-1294.

Littlewood AJ, Aarden LA, Evans DB, Russell RGG & Gowen M (1991): Human osteoblast-like cells do not respond to interleukin-6. J. Bone Miner. Res. 6, 141-148.

Lowick CWGM, van der Pluijim G, Bloys H et al. (1989): Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-like protein (PLP) stimulate interleukin-6 production by osteogenic cells: a possible role for interleukin-6 in osteoclastogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 162, 1546-1552.

MacDonald BR, Takahashi N, McManus LM, Holahan J, Mundy GR & Roodman GD (1987): Formation of multinucleated cells that respond to osteotropic hormones in long term human bone marrow cultures. Endocrinology 120, 2326-2333.

Mackie EJ & Treschel U (1990): Stimulation of bone formation in vivo by transforming growth factor- remodelling of woven bone and lack of inhibition by indomethacin. Bone 11, 295-300.

Mahy PR & Urist MR (1988): Experimental heterotopic bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein and recombinant human interleukin-1. Clin. Orthop. 237, 236-240.

Martin TJ, Ng KW & Suda T (1989): Bone cell physiology. Endocr. Metab. Clin. North. Am. 18, 833-859.

Mayne R (1989): Cartilage collagens. What is their function and are they involved in articular disease? Arthritis Rheum. 32, 241-246.

McCarthy TL, Centrella M & Canalis E (1989): Regulatory effects of insulin-like growth factors I and 11 on bone collagen synthesis in rat calvarial cultures. Endocrinology 124, 301-309.

McSheehy PMJ & Chambers TJ (1986): Osteoblastic cells mediate osteoclastic responsiveness to parathyroid hormone. Endocrinology 118, 824-828.

Merke J, Klaus G, Hugel U, Waldherr R & Ritz E (1986): No 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors on osteoclasts of calcium-deficient chicken despite demonstrable receptors on circulating monocytes. J. Clin. Invest 77, 312-314.

Michelangeli VP, Fletcher AK, Allan EH, Nicholson GC & Martin TJ (1989): Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on cyclic AMP formation in chicken, rat, and mouse bone cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 4, 269-272.

Mizel SB, Kilian PL, Lewis JC, Paganelli K & Chizzonite RA (1987): The interleukin 1 receptor: Dynamics of interleukin I binding and internalization in T cells and fibroblasts. J. Immunol. 138, 2906-2912.

Mohan SM & Baylink DJ (1991): Bone growth factors. Clin. Orthop. 263, 30-48.

Mohan S, Jennings JC, Linkhart TA & Baylink DJ (1988): Primary structure of human skeletal growth factor: homology with human insulin-like growth factor II. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 966, 44-55.

Mundy GR & Roodman GD (1987): Osteoclast ontogeny and function. In Bone and mineral research, vol. 5, ed. WA Peck, pp. 209-279. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Niswander L & Martin GR (1992): Fgf-4 expression during gastrulation, myogenesis, limb and tooth development in the mouse. Development 114, 755-768.

Niswander L & Martin GR (1993): FGF-4 and BMP-2 have opposite effects on limb growth. Nature 361, 68-71.

Orloff JJ (1989): Parathyroid-like proteins: biochemical responses and receptor interactions. Endocr. Rev. 10, 476-495.

Owen M & Ashton B (1986): Osteogenic differentiation of skeletal cell populations. In Cell mediated calcification and matrix vesicles, ed. SY Ali, pp. 279-284. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Owen TA, Bortell R, Yocum SA et al. (1990): Coordinate occupancy of AP-1 sites in the vitamin D responsive and CCAAT box elements by fos-jun in the osteocalcin gene: a model for phenotype surpression of transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9990-9994.

Pacifici R, Rifas L, Teitelbaum SL et al. (1987): Spontaneous release of interleukin I from human blood monocytes reflects bone formation in idiopathic osteoporosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 4616-4620.

Paralkar VM, Hammonds GG & Reddi AH (1991): Identification and characterisation of cellular binding proteins (receptors) for recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2B, an initiator of the bone differentiation cascade. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 88, 3397-3401.

Peck WA, Gennari LG, Raisz LG et al. (1984): Cortico-steroids and bone. Calcif. Tissue Int. 36, 4-7.

Pertovaara L, Sistonen L, Bos TJ, Vogt PK, Keski-Oja J & Alitalo K (1989): Enhanced jun expression is an early genomic response to transforming growth factor () stimulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 1255-1262.

Peveri P, Waltz A, Dewald B & Baggiolini M (1988): A novel neutrophil activating factor produced by human mononuclear phagocytes. J. Exp. Med. 167, 1547-1549.

Pfeilschifter J, Seyedin SM & Mundy GR (1988): Transforming growth factor 13 inhibits bone resorption in fetal long bone cultures. J. Clin. Invest. 82, 680-687.

Price JS & Russell RGG (1992): Bone remodelling: regulation by systemic and local factors. In Bone biology and skeletal disorders in poultry, ed. CC Whitehead, pp. 39-61. Carfax, Abingdon, UK.

Rappolee DA, Brenner CA, Schuitz R, Mark D & Werb Z (1988): Developmental expression of PDGF, TGF- and TGF- in preimplantation mouse embryos. Science 241, 1823-1825.

Reichenberger E, Aigner T. von der Mark K, Stoss H & Bertling W (1991): In situ hybridization studies on the expression of type X collagen in fetal human cartilage. Dev. Biol. 148, 562-572.

Rosen DM, Stempien SA, Thompson AY & Seyedin SM (1988): Transforming growth factor beta modulates the expression of osteoblast and chondroblast phenotypes in vitro. J. Cell Physiol. 134, 337-346.

Ross R (1989): Platelet-derived growth factor. Lancet i, 1179-1182.

Ruoslashti E (1988): Structure and function of proteoglycans. Annul Rev. Cell Biol. 4, 229-255.

Ruscetti FW & Palladino MA (1991): Transforming growth factor- and the immune system. Prog. Growth Factor Res. 3, 159-175.

Sandberg M & Vuorio E (1987): Localization of types 1,11, and 111 collagen mRNAs in developing human skeletal tissues by in situ hybridization. J. Cell Biol. 104, 1077-1084.

Sandberg M, Vuorio T, Hirvonen H, Alitalo K & Vuorio T (1988): Enhanced expression of TGF- and c-fos mRNAs in the growth plates of developing human long bones. Development 102, 461-470.

Sandell LJ, Dudek E, Bielaga B & Wright TN (1988): IGF-I stimulates type II collagen gene expression in cultured chondrocytes. Orthop. Trans. 1, 300.

Sandell LJ, Dudek EJ, Bielaga B & Wight TN (1989): Regulation of cartilage collagen and proteoglycan synthesis by transforming growth factor beta. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. 14, 280.

Sandell LJ, Morris N, Robbins JR & Goldring MR (1991): Alternatively spliced type II procollagen mRNAs define distinct populations of cells during vertebral development: differential expression of the amino-propeptide. J. Cell Biol. 114, 1307-1319.

Sandell LJ, Sugai JV & Trippel SB (in press): Expression of collagens I, II, X and XI and aggrecan mRNAs by bovine growth plate chondrocytes in situ. 3. Orthop. Res.

Schmid C, Ernst M, Zapf J & Froesch ER (1989): Release of insulin-like growth factor carrier proteins by osteoblasts: stimulation by estradiol and growth hormone. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 160, 788-794.

Schmidt A, Rodergerds U & Buddecke E (1978): Correlation of lysosomal activity with proteoglycan synthesis in epiphyseal cartilage. Calcif. Tissue Res. 26, 163-172.

Seyedin SM, Thompson AY, Benz H et al. (1985): purification and characterization of two cartilage-inducing factors from bovine demineralized bone. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 82, 2267-2271.

Shull MM, Ormsby L, Kier AB et al. (1992): Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease. Nature 359, 693-699.

Sims JE, March CJ, Cosman D et al. (1988): DNA expression cloning of the IL-1 receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 241, 584-589.

Skerry TM, Bitensky L, Chayen J & Lanyon LE (1989): Early strain-related changes in enzyme activity in osteocytes following bone loading in vivo. J. Bone Miner. Res. 4, 783-788.

Skjodt H & Russell RGG (1993): Bone cell biology and the regulation of bone turnover. In Cytokines and bone, ed. M. Gowen, pp. 1-70. London: CRC Press.

Sly WSD, Hewitt-Emmett PM, Whyte YSL & Tashian RE (1983): Carbonic anhydrase deficiency identified as the primary defect in the autosomal recessive condition of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 80, 2752-2756.

Suzuki HR, Sakamoto H, Yoshida T, Sugimura T, Terada M & Solursh M (1992): Localization of HstI transcripts to the apical ectodermal ridge in the mouse embryo. Dev. Biol. 150, 219-222.

Symons JA, Eastgate JA & Duff GW (1991): Purification and characterisation of a novel soluble receptor for interleukin 1. J. Exp. Med. 174, 1251-1256.

Tabas JA, Zasloff M, Wasmuth JJ et al. (1991): Bone morphogenetic proteins: chromosomal localization of human genes for BMP1, BMP2A, and BMP3. Genomics, 283-289.

Takahashi N, Mundy GR & Roodman GD (1986): Recombinant human gamma-interferon inhibits formation of human osteoclast-like cells. J. Immunol. 137, 3541-3543.

Trippel SB, Corvol MT, Dumontier MF, Rappaport R, Hung HH & Mankin HJ (1989): Effect of somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone on cultured growth plate and articular chondrocytes. Pediatr. Res. 25, 76-82.

Trippel SB, Whelan MC, Klagsburn M & Doctrow SR (1992): Interaction of basic fibroblast growth factor with bovine growth plate chondrocytes. J. Orthop. Res. 10, 638-646.

Urist MR (1965): Bone formation by autoinduction. Science 150, 893-899.

Vaananen K (1980): Immunohistochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase in the chicken epiphyseal growth cartilage. Histochemistry, 65, 143-148.

Vaes GV (1988): Cellular biology and biochemical mechanism of bone resorption: a review of recent developments on the formation, activation and mode of action of osteoclasts. Clin. Orthop. 231, 239-271.

Von der Mark K (1980): Immunological studies on collagen type transition in chondrogenesis. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 14, 199-225.

Von der Mark K & Von der Mark H (1977): The role of three genetically distinct collagen types in endochondral ossification and calcification of cartilage. J. Bone Joint Surg. 59A, 458-464.

Wang EA, Rosen V & D'Allesandro et al. (1990): Recombinant human bone morphogenic protein induces bone formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 2220-2224.

Wang ZQ, Ovitt C, Agamemmon E et al. (1992): Bone and haematopoietic defects in mice lacking c-fos. Nature 360, 741-745.

Webb AC, Dryer BE et al. (1988): Identification of a cDNA encoding a parathyroid-like peptide from a human tumour asociated with humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 85, 597-602.

Weigent DA & Blalock JE (1987): Interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems: common hormones and receptors. Immunol. Rev. 100, 79-108.

Wozney JM (1989): Bone morphogenic proteins. Prog. Growth Factor Res. 1, 267-280.

Wroblewski J & Edwall C (1991): PDGF stimulates proliferation and differentiation in cultured chondrocytes from rat rib growth plate. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 16, 133-144.

Yasko AW, Lane JM, Fellinger EJ, Rosen V, Wozney JM & Wang EA (1992): The healing of segmental bone defects induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2): a radiographic, histological and biochemical study in rats. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74A, 659-670.

Yoshikawa H, Hashimoto J, Masuhara K, Takoaka K & Ono K (1988): Inhibition by tumour necrosis factor of induction of ectopic bone formation by osteosarcoma-derived bone-inducing substance. Bone, 391-396.

Yu YM, Becvar R, Yamada Y & Reddi AH (1991): Changes in the gene expression of collagens, fibronectin, integrins and proteoglycans during matrix-induced bone formation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 427-432.

Amselem S, Duquesnoy P, Attree O & Novelli G (1989): Laron dwarfism and mutation of the growth hormone-receptor gene. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 989-995.

Barnard R, Haynes KM, Werther GA & Waters MJ (1988): The ontogeny of growth hormone receptors in the rabbit tibia. Endocrinology 122, 2562-2569.

Barton DE, Foellmer B, Wood WI & Francke U (1989): Chromosome mapping of the growth hormone receptor gene in man and mouse. Cytgenet. Cell Genet. 50, 137-141.

Baumann G, Amburn KD & Buchanan TA (1987): The effect of circulating growth hormone-binding protein on metabolic clearance, distribution, and degradation of human growth hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64, 657-563.

Baumbach WR, Homer DL & Logan JS (1989): The growth hormone-binding protein in rat serum is an alternatively spliced form of the rat growth hormone receptor. Genes Dev. 3, 1199-1205.

Baxter RC (1992): Insulin like growth factor binding: Regulators of IGF-I actions. Ninth International Congress of Endocrinology 26 (abstract).

Bengtsson B-A, Edén S, Lönn L, Kvist H, Stokland A, Lindstedt G, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Sjöström L & Isaksson OGP (1993): Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76, 309-317.

Bentham J, Ohlsson C, Lindahl A, Isaksson OGP & Nilsson A (1993): A double staining technique for detection of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I binding, to rat epiphyseal chondrocytes. J. Endocrinol. 137, 361-367.

Billestrup N, Moldrup A, Serup P, Mathews L, Norstedt G & Nielsen J (1990): Introduction of exogenous growth hormone receptors augments growth hormone responsive insulin biosynthesis in rat insulinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 87, 7210-7214.

Björk S, Jönsson B, Westphal O & Levin J-E (1989): Quality of life of adults with growth hormone deficiency: a controlled study. Acta Paediatr. Scand 356, 55-59.

Bourguinon JP (1988): Linear growth as a function of age at onset of puberty and sex steroid dosage. Therapeutical implications. Endocr. Rev. 9, 467-488.

Carlsson B, Edén S, Nilsson A, Ohlsson C, Törnell J, Vikman K & Isaksson OGP (1991): Expression and physiological significance of growth hormone and growth hormone binding proteins in rat and man. Acta Paediatr. Scand, (Suppl.), 379, 70-76.

Carlsson B, Hillensjö T, Nilsson A, Törnell J & Billig H (in press): Expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) in the rat fallopian tube: possible autocrine and paracrine action of fallopian tube derived IGF-I on the fallopian tube and the preimplantation embryo. Mol. Endocrinol.

Carrascosa A, Audi L, Ferrandez A & Ballabriga A (1990): Biological effects of androgens and identifications of specific dihydrotestosterone-binding sites in cultured human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 70, 136-140.

Cheek D & Hill DE (1974): Effect of growth hormone on cell and somatic growth. In Handbook of physiology, vol. IV, eds E Knobil & W Sawyer, pp. 159-185. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society.

Clark RG, Jansson JO, Isaksson O & Robinson ICAF (1985): Intravenous growth hormone: growth responses to patterned infusions in hypophysectomized rats. J. Endocrinol. 104, 53-61.

Coiro V, Braverman L, Christianson D, Fang SL & Goodman M (1979): Effect of hypothyroidism and thyroxine replacement on growth hormone in the rat. Endocrinology 105, 641-646.

Crystal RA & Giudice LC (1991): insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) profiles in human fetal cord sera: Ontogeny during gestation and differences in newborns with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and large for gestational (LGA) newborns. In Modern concepts of insulin-like growth factors, ed. EM Spencer, pp. 395-408. New York: Elsevier.

Daughaday WH & Rotwein P (1989): Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocr. Rev. 10, 68-91.

Dean HJ, McTaggart TL, Fish DG & Friesen HG (1985): The educational, vocational and marital status of growth hormone deficient adults treated with growth hormone during childhood. A.J.D.C 139, 1105-1110.

Doglio A, Dani C, Fredrikson G, Grimaldi P & Ailhaud G (1987): Acute regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression by growth hormone during adipose cell differentiation. EMBO J. 6, 4011-4016.

Edén S (1978): The secretory pattern of growth hormone. Acta Physiol. Scand (Suppl.) 458, 1-54.

Ernst M, Heath JK & Rodan GA (1989): Estradiol effects on proliferation, messenger ribonucleic acid for collagen and insulin-like growth factor-I, and parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in osteoblastic cells from calvariae and long bones. Endocrinology 125, 825-833.

Emtner M, Mathews LS & Norstedt G (1990): Growth hormone (GH) stimulates protein synthesis in cells transfected with GH receptor complementary DNA. Mol. Endocrinol. 4, 2014-2020.

Eriksen EF, Colvard DS & Berg NJ: Evidence of estrogen receptors in normal human osteoblast-like cells. Science 241, 84-86.

Frantz AG & Rabkin MT (1965): Effects of estrogens and sex difference on secretion of human growth hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 25, 1470-1480.

Gerstenfeld LC, Kelly CM, Dek M & Lian J (1990): Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on induction of chondrocyte maturation in culture: extracellular matrix gene expression and morphology. Endocrinology 126, 1599-1609.

Godowski PJ, Leung DW, Meacham LR, Galgani JP, Hellmiss R, Keret R, Rotwein PS, Parks JS, Laron Z & Wood WI (1989): Characterization of the human growth hormone receptor gene and demonstration of a partial gene deletion in two patients with Laron-type dwarfism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 86, 8083-8087.

Green H, Morikawa M & Nixon T (1985): A dual effector theory of growth hormone action. Differentiation 29, 195-198

Guyda H (1991): Concepts of IGF-I physiology. In Modem concepts of insulin-like growth factors, ed. EM Spencer, pp. 99-109. New York: Elsevier.

Hervas F, Escorbar GM & Escorbar Del Ray F (1975): Rapid effects of single small doses of L-thyroxin and triiodothyronine on growth hormone, as studied in the rat by radioimmunoassay. Endocrinology 97, 91-101.

Hill DJ & Han VK (1991): Paracrinology of growth regulation. J. Dev. Physiol. 15, 91-104.

Ho KY, Veldhuis JD, Johnson ML, Furlanetto R, Evans WS, Alberti KGMM & Thorner MO (1988): Fasting enhances growth hormone secretion and amplifies the complex rhythms of growth hormone secretion in man. J. Clin. Invest. 81, 968-975.

Ikeda T, Fujiyama K, Takeuchi T, Honda M, Mokuda O, Tominaga M & Mashiba H (1989): Effect of thyroid hormone on somatomedin-C release from perfused rat liver. Experientia 45, 170-171.

Illig R & Prader A (1970): Effects of testosterone on growth hormone secretion in patients with anorchia and delayed puberty. J. Clin. Enocrinol. Metab. 30, 615-618.

Isaksson OGP, Lindahl A, Nilsson A & Isgaard J (1987): Mechanism of the stimulatory effect of growth hormone on longitudinal bone growth. Endocr. Rev. 8, 426-438.

Isgaard J, Möller C, Isaksson OGP, Nilsson A, Mathews LS & Norstedt G (1988): Regulation of insulin-like growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid in rat growth plate by growth hormone. Endocrinology 122, 1515-1520.

Isgaard I, Wåhlander H, Jennishe E & Friberg P (1992): Myocardial content of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I mRNA) increases after induction of volume overload with an aorto-caval fistula. Abstract: P-09.01.005. Nice, France: 9th International Congress of Endocrinology.

Jansson J-O, Albertsson-Wikland K, Edén S, Thorngren K-G & Isaksson O (1982a): Circumstantial evidence for a role of the secretory pattern of growth hormone in control of body growth. Acta Endocrinol. 99, 24-30.

Jansson J-O, Albertsson-Wikland K, Edén S, Thorngren KG & Isaksson OGP (1982b): Effect of frequency of growth hormone administration on longitudinal bone growth and body weight in hypophysectomized rats. Acta Physiol. Scand. 114, 261-265.

Jansson J-O, Edén S & Isaksson OGP (1985): Sexual dimorphism in the control of growth hormone secretion. Endocr. Rev. 6, 128-150.

Jansson J-O, Ekberg S, Isaksson OGP & Edén S (1984): Influence of gonadal steroids on age and sex related secretory patterns of growth hormone in the rat. Endocrinology 114, 1287-1294.

Kember NF (1960): Cell divisions in endochondral ossification, A study of cell proliferation in rat bones by the method of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. J. Bone Joint Surg. 42B, 824-839.

Kember NF (1969): Growing bones on the computer. Some pitfalls of a computer simulation of the effect of radiation on bone growth. Cell. Tissue Kinet. 2, 11-20.

Kember NF (1971): Cell population kinetics of bone growth: The first ten years of autoradiographic studies with tritiated thymidine. Clin. Orthop. 76, 213-229.

Kember NF (1978): Cell kinetics and the control of growth in long bones. Cell Tissue Kinet. 11, 477-485.

Klaus G, Merke J, Eing H, Hugel U, Milde P, Reichel H, Ritz E & Mehls O (1991): 1.25(OH)2D3 receptor regulation and 1,25(OH)2D3 effects in primary cultures of growth cartilage cells of the rat. Calcif Tissue Int. 49, 340-348.

Kostyo J L & Nutting DF (1974): Growth hormone and protein metabolism. In Handbook of physiology, vol. IV, Part 2, eds E Knobil & WH Sawyer, pp. 187-210. Washington DC: American Physiology Society.

Laron Z, Sarel R & Pertzelan A (1980): Puberty in Laron type dwarfism. Eur. J. Pediatr. 134, 79-83.

Laron Z, Pertzelan A, Karp M, Kowadlo-Silbergeld A & Daughaday WH (1971): Administration of growth hormone to patients with familial dwarfism with high plasma immunoreactive growth hormone: measurement of sulfation factor, metabolic and linear growth responses. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33, 332-342.

Leboy P, Vaias L, Uschmann B, Golub E, Adams S & Pacifici M (1989): Ascorbic acid induces alkaline phosphatase, type X collagen, and calcium deposition in cultured chick chondrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 17281-17286.

Leung DW, Spencer SA, Cachianes G, Hammonds RG, Collins C, Henzel WJ, Barnard R, Waters MJ & Wood WI (1987): Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression. Nature 330, 537-543.

Lewinson D, Harel Z, Shenzer P, Silbermann M & Hochberg Z (1989): Effect of thyroid hormone and growth hormone on recovery from hypothyroidism of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage and its adjacent bone. Endocrinology 124, 937-945.

Lindahl A, Isgaard J, Nilsson A & Isaksson OGP (1986): Growth hormone potentiates colony formation of epiphyseal chondrocytes in suspension culture. Endocrinology 118, 1843-1848.

Lindahl A, Isgaard J, Carlsson L & Isaksson OGP (1987a): Differential effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on colony formation of epiphyseal chondrocytes in suspension culture in rats of different ages. Endocrinology 121, 1061-1069.

Lindahl A, Isgaard J & Isaksson OGP (1987b): Growth hormone in vivo potentiates the stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor-I in vitro on colony formation of epiphyseal chondrocytes isolated from hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology 121, 1070-1075.

Makower AM, Skottner A & Wroblewski J (1989): Binding of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) to primary cultures of chondrocytes from rat rib growth cartilage. Cell. Biol. Int. Rep. 13, 655-665.

Mathews LS, Norstedt G & Palmiter RD (1986): Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression by growth hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 9343-9347.

Matsuo N (April 1991): 11th International symposium on growth and disorders, Stockholm, p. 2.

Morikawa M, Nixon T & Green H (1982): Growth hormone and the adipose conversion of 3T3 cells. Cell 29, 783-789.

Nilsson A, Isgaard J, Lindahl A, Dahlström A, Skottner A & Isaksson OGP (1986): Regulation by growth hormone of number of chondrocytes containing IGF-I in rat growth plate. Science 233, 571-574.

Nilsson A, Lindahl A, Eden S & Isaksson OGP (1989): Demonstration of growth hormone receptors in cultured rat epiphyseal chondrocytes by specific binding of growth hormone and immunohistochemistry. J. Endocrinol. 122, 69-77.

Nilsson A, Carlsson B, Mathews L & Isaksson OGP (1990a): Growth hormone regulation of the growth hormone receptor mRNA in cultured rat epiphyseal chondrocytes. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 70, 237-246.

Nilsson A, Carlsson B, Isgaard J, Isaksson O & Rymo L (1990b): Regulation by GH of insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA expression in rat epiphyseal growth plate as studied with in-situ hybridization. J. Endocrinol. 125, 67-74.

Norstedt G & Möller C (1987): Growth hormone induction of insulin-like growth factor I messenger RNA in primary cultures of rat liver cells. J. Endocrinol. 115, 135-139.

Norstedt G, Levinovitz A, Möller C, Eriksson LC & Andersson G (1988): Expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II mRNA during hepatic development, proliferation, and carcinogenesis in the rat. Carcinogenesis 9, 209-213.

Ohlsson C, Nilsson A, Isaksson OGP & Lindahl A (1992a): Effect of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I on DNA synthesis and matrix production in rat epiphyseal chondrocytes in monolayer culture. J. Endocrinol. 133, 291-300.

Ohlsson C, Nilsson A, Isaksson OGP & Lindahl A (1992b): Growth hormone induces multiplication of the slowly cycling germinal cells of the rat tibial growth plate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 89, 9826-9830.

Ohlsson C, Nilsson A, Isaksson OGP, Bentham J & Lindahl A (1992c): Effects of tri-iodothyronine and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on alkaline phosphatase activity, 3H-thymidine incorporation and IGF-I-receptor mRNA in cultured rat epiphyseal chondrocytes. J. Endocrinol. 135, 115-123.

Oshima O, Leboy P, McDonald S, Tuan R & Shapiro I (1989): Developmental expression of genes in chick growth cartilage detected by in situ hybridization. Calcif. Tissue Int. 45, 182-192.

Patthy L (1990): Homology of a domain of the growth hormone/prolactin receptor family with type III modules of fibronectin. Cell 61, 13-14.

Postel-Vinay MC, Corvol MT, Lang F, Fraud F, Guyda H & Posner B (1983): Receptors for insulin-like growth factors in rabbit articular and growth plate chondrocytes in culture. Exp. Cell. Res. 148, 105-116.

Ray RD, Asling CW, Walker DG, Simpson ME, Li CH & Evans HB (1954): Growth and differentiation of the skeleton in thyroidectomized-hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroxin, growth hormone and the combination. J. Bone Joint Surg. 36A, 94-103.

Robertson WW (1990): Newest knowledge of the growth plate. Clin. Orthop. 253, 70-278.

Rochiccioli P (1985): Thyroid dysgenesis. In Pediatric and adolescent endocrinology, vol. 14, eds F Delange & D Fisher, pp. 154-173. Basel: Karger.

Rosén T, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Lindstedt G & Bengtsson B-A (1993): Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. 38, 63-71.

Rosén T, Hansson T, Granhed H, Szucs J & Bengtsson B-A (1993): Reduced bone mineral content in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinol. 129, 201-208.

Rosenfeld RG, Frane J, Attie KM:, Brasel JA, Burstein S, Cara JF, Chernausek S, Gotlin RW, Kuntze BML, Lippe BM, Mahoney PC, Moore WV, Saenger P & Johanson AJ (1992): Six years results of a randomized prospective trial of human growth hormone and oxandrolone in Turner syndrome. J. Pediatr. 121, 49-55.

Rosner IA, Manni A, Malemud CJ, Boja B & Moskowitz RW (1982): Estradiol receptors in articular chondrocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 106, 1378-1382.

Rudman D, Goldsmith M, Kutner M & Blackston D (1980): Effect of growth hormone and oxandrolone singly and together on growth rate in girls with X chromosome abnormalities. J. Pediatr. 96, 132-135.

Salomon WD & Daughaday WH (1957): A hormonally controlled serum factor which stimulates sulfate incorporation by cartilage in vitro. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 49, 825-836.

Schwarz Z, Brooks B, Swain L, Del Tro F, Norman A & Boyan B (1992): Production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by growth zone and resting zone chondrocytes is dependent on cell maturation and is regulated by hormones and growth factors. Endocrinology 130, 2495-2504.

Smmasaki S & Nicholas L (1991): Identification and molecular characterization of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6). Prog. Growth Factor Res. 3, 243-266.

Smith RL, Marykutty V, Palathumpat MV, Ku CW & Hintz RL (1989): Growth hormone stimulates insulin-like growth factor I actions on adult articular chondrocytes. J. Orthop. Res. 7, 198-207.

Tannenbaum BS, Epelbaum J, Colle E, Brazeau P & Martin JB (1978): Antiserum to somatostatin reverses starvation-induced inhibition of growth hormone but not insulin secretion. Endocrinology 102, 1909-1913.

Thorngren KG & Hansson LI (1973): Effect of thyroxine and growth hormone on longitudinal bone growth in the hypophysectomized rat. Acta Endocrinol. 74, 24-40.

Trippel SB, Van-Wyk JJ, Foster MB & Svoboda ME (1983): Characterization of a specific somatomedin-C receptor on isolated bovine growth plate chondrocytes. Endocrinology 112, 2128-2136.

Trippel SB, Van Wyk JJ & Mankin HJ (1986): Localization of somatomedin-C binding to bovine growth plate chondrocytes in situ. J. Bone Joint Surg. 68, 897-903.

Trivedi B & Daughaday WH (1988): Release of growth hormone binding protein from IM-9 lymphocytes by endopeptidase is dependent on sulfhydryl group inactivation. Endocrinology 123, 2201-2206.

Vikman K, Carlsson B, Billig H & Eden S (1991a): Expression and regulation of growth hormone (GH) receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in rat adipose tissue, adipocytes, and adipocyte precursor cells: Regulation of GH receptor mRNA. Endocrinology 129, 1155-1161.

Vikman K, Isgaard J & Edén S (1991b): Growth hormone regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in rat adipose tissue and isolated rat adipocytes. J. Endocrinol. 131, 139-145.

Westphal O (1991): Tall stature. In Growth matters, ed. Brierley, vol. 8, pp. 6-8. Hants, UK: Chapterhouse Codex.

Wolf M, Ingbar SH & Mose A (1989): Thyroid hormone and growth hormone interact to regulate insulin-like growth factor-l messenger ribonucleic acid and circulating levels in the rat. Endocrinology 125, 2905-2914.